The impact of exercise on cardiovascular system: Molecular signaling pathway and cardiac adaptations

Bauyrzhan Toktarbay 1 * , Zaukiya Khamitova 1, Nurmakhan Zholshybek 1, Dinara Jumadilova 1 2, Yeltay Rakhmanov 1, Makhabbat Bekbossynova 3, Abduzhappar Gaipov 1, Alessandro Salustri 1 *
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1 Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
2 Radiology Unit, National Research Cardiac Surgery Center, Astana, Kazakhstan
3 Cardiology Unit No2, National Research Cardiac Surgery Center, Astana, Kazakhstan
* Corresponding Author
J CLIN MED KAZ, Volume 20, Issue 6, pp. 4-11. https://doi.org/10.23950/jcmk/13825
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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this review is to describe the impact of endurance and strength physical training on the cardiovascular system by reviewing the molecular signaling pathways, which plays a key role in different muscle adaptations, and the cardiac changes in terms of metabolic and cardiac remodeling, and hemodynamics. In response to endurance-exercise, multiple signaling pathways, including Ca2+-dependent pathways, reactive oxygen species (ROS), AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), and mitogen activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK), are involved in the regulation of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), which controls the mitochondrial biogenesis. Strength training increases the insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) which initiates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-k)-(AKT)-(mTOR) signaling cascade, resulting in the synthesis of proteins and the muscle hypertrophy. In addition to the well-documented changes in skeletal muscle, a critical component of the response to exercise training is the dynamic cardiac remodeling, which is classified as either pathological or physiological depending on triggers.
Keywords: sports cardiology, exercise physiology, sports medicine

CITATION

Toktarbay B, Khamitova Z, Zholshybek N, Jumadilova D, Rakhmanov Y, Bekbossynova M, et al. The impact of exercise on cardiovascular system: Molecular signaling pathway and cardiac adaptations. J CLIN MED KAZ. 2023;20(6):4-11. https://doi.org/10.23950/jcmk/13825

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